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How the interplay between intracellular calcium dynamics and CICR underlies the initial stage of direction selectivity

Nicolangelo Iannella

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Abstract

Detecting moving objects is crucial in the animal kingdom and is fundamental to vision. In the vertebrate retina, starburst amacrine cells (SACs) are directionally selective in terms of their calcium responses to stimuli that move centrifugally from the soma. The mechanism by which starburst amacrine cells show calcium bias for centrifugal motion is still to be determined. Recent morphological studies using fluorescent microscopy and immunostaining have shown that the endoplasmic reticulum is omnipresent in the soma, extending to the distal processes of starburst amacrine cells. Electron microscopy for ChAT SAC in adult rat retina unequivocally proves the presence of local endoplasmic reticulum (ER) extending through the dendritic branches of SAC and the submicron diameter of the ER in SAC dendrites suggests that the ER is not luminally connected between the soma and the distal tips. We construct a computational model of a SAC dendrite with an ER to simulate the Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR)-based calcium waves in the presence of an unsaturated buffer to test the hypothesis a CICR mechanism can sustain constant calcium wave propagation in the centrifugal direction. Here, we focus on a working hypothesis, in which a CICR mechanism in the presence of local ER underlies the preference for directionality in the centrifugal direction and rather than the centripetal direction. Modeling the heterogeneity of calcium ER in simulated SACs sheds light on a possible explanation for the cause of speed tuning of direction-selective Ca2+ responses in dendrites of SACs. A simulation of the calcium-induced-calcium release-based Ca2+ waves in the presence of an unsaturated buffer is presented using an analytically derived solution of the two-pool model for cytosolic calcium. We find the conditions that support the calcium-induced calcium-release-based propagating Ca2+ wavefront in the centrifugal direction and its relation to where measurements are made. This suggests CICR from the ER can provide an initial seed underlying directionality in SAC.

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The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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